This study suggests a stacking-based ensemble model makes IoT devices more intelligent for detecting unusual behaviour in IoT networks. One of the most adopted techniques is machine learning (ML) based intrusion detection. The research community often proposes intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) using different techniques.

Therefore, securing IoT devices have become a significant concern in IoT networks. An intruder exploits vulnerabilities of a device's interdependent feature and can alter the telemetry data to indirectly control the behaviour of other dependent devices in a network. Within a network, IoT devices are interdependent, and the behaviour of one device depends on the data coming from another device. Study shows that these protocols are vulnerable to attack and prove a significant threat to IoT telemetry data. IoT devices collect data from the surrounding environment and communicate with other devices using different communication protocols such as CoAP, MQTT, DDS, etc. The Internet of Things (IoT) is a paradigm that connects a range of physical smart devices to provide ubiquitous services to individuals and automate their daily tasks. We discussed how future designs can better support and balance the privacy needs of different stakeholders in smart homes. We highlighted bystanders' needs for privacy and controls, as well as the tension of privacy expectations between the owners/users and the bystanders in smart homes.

We identified three impacting factors of bystanders' privacy perceptions (e.g., perceived norms) and a number of design factors to mitigate their privacy concerns (e.g., asking for device control). We conducted focus groups and co-design activities with eighteen participants. Our research investigated the privacy perceptions and design ideas of smart home bystanders, i.e., people who are not the owners nor the primary users of smart home devices but can potentially be involved in the device usage, such as other family members or guests. While prior empirical studies have examined people's privacy concerns of smart homes and their desired ways of mitigating these concerns, the focus was primarily on the end users or device owners. As the Internet of Things (IoT) devices make their ways into people's homes, traditional dwellings are turning into smart homes.

Smart privacy pro